Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
Accents give birth to special meaning when your sound breathes. That single idea drives Bharata’s approach to recitation. Not metre alone. Not words alone. Sound is shaped by intention.
In Natyashastra, accents are performative tools. They guide rasa and shape emotion. They also decide how a line lands on the listener’s nervous system. (for those goosebumps moments)
Let’s understand what accents are and how to perform each accent in practice. Keep in mind, we will strictly stay within the theatrical and dramaturgical framework of Natyashastra. There will be no philological detours. No abstract phonetics. This is for dancers, actors, nattuvanars, and reciters who want usable knowledge on stage.
What “accents” mean in Natyashastra?
In the chapter dedicated to Vācika Abhinaya, Bharata defines four accents used in recitation:
- Udātta. (Acute)
- Anudātta. (Grave)
- Svarita. (Circumflex)
- Kampita. (Quivering)
Don’t get confused with Vedic classroom accents, these are of different flavour. They are performed sound movements. Each accent alters pitch, breath pressure, muscular tension, and emotional colour.
Accents exist to serve rasa. Always.
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Accents and rasa alignment in Natyashastra
Bharata muni precisely assigns accents based on dominant emotional flavour.
- For Comic and Erotic, it’s Udātta and Svarita
- For Heroic, Furious, Marvellous, it’s Udātta and Kampita
- And for Pathetic, Odious, Terrible, it’s Anudātta, Svarita, Kampita
This mapping is dramaturgical law.
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Udātta accent. Acute and lifted sound
What it is
Udātta is a raised pitch accent. The sound lifts upward and energy moves forward and out.
Think of elevating the pitch. It’s not loudness.
How to perform udātta
- Start from the diaphragm.
- Lift pitch slightly above your natural speaking tone.
- Keep the throat open. No tightening.
- End the syllable clean. No trailing vibration.
The sound must feel buoyant. Alert. Confident.
Body alignment
- Chest open.
- Spine upright.
- Chin neutral or very slightly lifted.
The body supports the sound instinctively.
Where udātta is used
- Hasya rasa. (Comic)
- Sringara rasa. (Erotic)
- Vīra rasa. (Heroic)
- Raudra rasa. (Furious)
- Adbhuta rasa. (Marvellous)
Practical example
- A hero announcing resolve.
- A lover teasing with confidence.
- Or a clown delivering a punchline.
Remember, Udātta carries clarity and outward energy.
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Anudātta accent. Grave and grounded sound
What it is
Anudātta is a lowered pitch accent. The sound settles downward.
It absorbs energy instead of projecting it.
How to perform anudātta
- Drop the pitch slightly below your neutral tone.
- Slow the breath.
- Allow weight in the voice.
- Avoid sharp endings.
The sound should feel heavy but controlled.
Body alignment
- Slight forward tilt of torso.
- Soft shoulders.
- Relaxed jaw.
Stillness helps here.
Where anudātta is used
- Karuna rasa. (Pathetic)
- Bibhatsa rasa. (Odious)
- Bhayanaka rasa. (Terrible)
Practical example
- A lament.
- A curse spoken with disgust.
- Or a warning whispered with dread.
Anudātta creates emotional gravity.
Svarita accent. Circumflex and curved sound
What it is
Svarita is a rise followed by a fall within the same syllable or phrase.
It bends and curves, and mirrors emotional complexity.
How to perform svarita
- Start the syllable slightly raised.
- Allow it to gently descend before completion.
- Keep the movement smooth. No jerks.
Think of a wave.
Body alignment
- Gentle sway of torso.
- Soft facial muscles.
- Flexible neck.
The sound must feel fluid.
Where svarita is used
- Comic and Erotic sentiments
- Pathetic, Odious, Terrible sentiments
Svarita bridges emotions and adds texture.
Practical example
- A playful taunt.
- A sorrowful reflection.
- Or, a line spoken with irony or inner conflict.
Svarita carries emotional layering.
Kampita accent. Quivering and vibrating sound
What it is
Kampita is intentional oscillation of pitch, like a controlled tremor.
There is no weakness. It is pure power under pressure.
How to perform kampita
- Sustain the syllable.
- Introduce slight rhythmic vibration from the diaphragm.
- Keep pitch oscillation narrow.
Never shake from the throat.
Body alignment
- Firm lower body.
- Grounded feet.
- Steady gaze.
The vibration rises from strength, not instability.
Where kampita is used
- Heroic, Furious, Marvellous
- Pathetic, Odious, Terrible
Kampita heightens intensity.
Practical example
- A warrior in rage.
- A god revealing cosmic form.
- Or a character trembling with fear or grief.
Kampita makes emotion visible through sound.
Combining accents in performance
Natyashastra rarely uses accents in isolation.
A single verse can move through:
- Udātta to establish confidence.
- Svarita to colour emotion.
- Kampita to peak intensity.
- Anudātta to settle aftermath.
This is vocal choreography.
Practice by marking accents directly onto your text. Just like hastas.
Practice method for daily rehearsal
Here is a simple routine I recommend.
- Choose one rasa.
- Select two lines of text.
- Assign the correct accents consciously.
- Recite slowly.
- Record and listen.
Ten minutes a day changes everything.
Frequently Asked Questions
Accents are specific ways of shaping vocal sound during recitation. Natyashastra defines four accents used in performance to support rasa and emotional intent.
Four accents are used. Udātta, Anudātta, Svarita, and Kampita.
No. Vedic accents focus on textual correctness. Natyashastra accents focus on performance, emotion, and theatrical impact.
Accents shape how emotion reaches the audience. Without correct accents, rasa becomes weak even if movement is strong.
Yes. Accents are based on breath, pitch control, and awareness. Regular spoken recitation practice is enough to begin.
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Final thoughts
Accents are embodied knowledge. When you lift, drop, curve, or quiver your sound with awareness, the audience feels it instantly. There is no translation needed.
Start small. Practice one verse, one accent, one rasa at a time.
The stage listens when your sound knows where it belongs.
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At Natya-Shastra.in, our mission is to serve as a gateway to the illustrious world of the Natyashastra. We offer insights, resources, and a platform to delve deeper into the nuances of Indian performing arts.
Also, we aim to bring forth the richness of this ancient text. We try to shed light on the profound wisdom it holds and its everlasting influence on various artistic traditions.
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NatyaShastra Glossary: Head over to the Natyashastra Glossary page to know the meaning behind Sanskrit terms used in the articles.
Images & Videos: Representational only, not exact depictions.
Knowledge Source & References: Inspired by ancient Natyashastra scriptures, open to interpretation.
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