Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
Drama, a powerful art form that combines the elements of speech, gesture, and music, has been an integral part of human civilization for centuries. In ancient India, drama (Natya) was a means of entertainment, education, and emotional experience.
But what is Natya? Is it just another word for plays?
We will understand the deeper meaning of Drama (Natya) because Natya is far more than that. It’s a philosophy, an experience, a mirror reflecting the vastness of the world and the depths of human emotions.
The NatyaShastra provides insightful definitions of Natya, shedding light on its various aspects and its significance in the cultural and spiritual fabric of Indian tradition.
Three Definitions Of Natya (Drama) From The NatyaShastra
According to the NatyaShastra, there are three key definitions of Natya, each highlighting a particular facet of this multifaceted art form.
Definition 1: A Mirror to the World (Sapta Dvipa.)
The first definition paints a picture of vastness. The Natya Shastra declares it a “mimicry of the world with its Seven Divisions (sapta dvīpa).” Imagine a grand stage reflecting the diverse emotions, actions, and experiences across the seven continents, mirroring human existence.
तन्नात्र मन्युः कर्तव्यो भवद्भिरमरान्प्रति ।
सप्तद्वीपानुकरणं नाट्यमेतद्भविष्यति ॥ ११७॥
Tannātra manyuḥ kartavyo bhavadbhiramarānprati।
Saptadvīpānukaraṇaṁ nāṭyametadbhaviṣyati॥ 117॥
Meaning:
Even though there is no anger towards gods or goddesses in this play, there is a lot of drama. The drama will be very interesting and show stories from all seven continents around the world.
This definition highlights drama’s ability to encompass the vast tapestry of life, encompassing joy and sorrow, victory and defeat, love and war, in all their complexities.
We are here, follow us.
Definition 2: All-inclusive, From Myth to Everyday Life.
The second definition narrows the lens, focusing on the stories that bring drama to life. It identifies the Natya as “stories taken out of the Vedic lore as well as Semi-historical Tales capable of giving pleasure in the world.”
This encompasses the rich heritage of mythology, where gods and heroes dance across the stage, and tales rooted in history, where real-life struggles and triumphs find expression.
योऽयं स्वभावो लोकस्य सुखदुःखसमन्वितः ।
सोऽङ्गाद्यभिनयोपेतो नाट्यमित्यभिधीयते ॥ ११९॥
Yo'yaṁ svabhāvo lokasya sukhaduḥkhasamanvitaḥ।
So'ṅgādyabhinayopeto nāṭyamityabhidhīyate॥ 119॥
Meaning:
That which, being accompanied by happiness and sorrow, constitutes the nature or disposition of the world, and is adorned with gestures and expressions of limbs and others, is called drama.
The emphasis here lies on the power of storytelling, weaving narratives that resonate with audiences across generations and cultures.
Definition 3: Emotions Painted through Representation
The final definition brings us face-to-face with the core of drama – the human experience. The Natya Shastra proclaims it as “a mimicry of the exploits of gods, Asuras, kings as well as householders in this world, depicted using Representation through Gestures, and the like (i.e., Words, Costume, and sattva).”
देवानामसुराणां च राज्ञामथ कुटुम्बिनाम् ।
ब्रह्मर्षीणां च विज्ञेयं नाट्यं वृत्तान्तदर्शकम् ॥ ११८॥
Devānāmasurāṇāṁ ca rājñāmathakuṭumbinām।
Brahmarṣīṇāṁ ca vijñeyaṁ nāṭyaṁ vṛttāntadarśakam॥ 118॥
Meaning:
Drama tells stories about all sorts of characters, like gods, demons, kings, families, and even wise holy men. It acts out what happens in their lives.
Here, the focus shifts to the portrayal of human emotions and actions.
Whether it’s the grandeur of gods or the struggles of ordinary people, drama becomes a canvas where gestures, words, costumes, and the very core of “sattva” (inner being) paint a moving picture of our humanity.
Articles for you about Natya Shastra
- NatyaShastra: The Ancient Blueprint Of Storytelling
- Bharata Muni and the Sages Discuss the Soul of Natyashastra
- The Birth Of NatyaVeda
- Who Was Bharata Muni And His 100 Sons?
Share the article
Frequently Asked Questions
In the text of the NatyaShastra, drama, or Natya, is defined as a multi-dimensional art form that combines the elements of speech, gesture, music, and dance to depict the human experience.
It encompasses the performing arts, including plays, classical dance, and instrumental music. Natya is the fifth Veda, an additional source of knowledge, enriching the cultural and spiritual aspects of Indian tradition.
The understanding of Natya has evolved over the centuries, reflecting the changes in society, culture, and artistic expression.
The Natyashastra provided a foundational framework for drama, dance, and music.
However, as history unfolded, the definition and understanding of Natya expanded, embracing new forms, styles, and perspectives.
In modern performances, the three definitions of Natya from the Natyashastra continue to influence and shape the art of drama.
The first definition, which emphasizes the portrayal of asuras, kings, and householders through representation and gestures, can be seen in contemporary theater productions. Actors use expressive gestures and body movements to bring characters to life, capturing their emotions and actions.
The second definition, encompassing words, costume, and sattva (inner being), is evident in the use of dialogue and costumes in modern plays. Through carefully crafted scripts and intricate costumes, performers delve into the emotional depths of their characters, conveying their innermost thoughts and feelings to the audience.
The third definition, focusing on the integration of music and dance to enhance the dramatic experience, is prevalent in various forms of classical and contemporary performances. Musicians and dancers collaborate seamlessly to create a multisensory spectacle that captivates the audience and elevates the storytelling aspect of the performance.
Dance drama is a captivating performance art form that seamlessly merges dance and drama. It tells stories through expressive dance movements accompanied by music and dialogue.
Traditional Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, and Kuchipudi utilize this enchanting art form. Even contemporary dance companies incorporate dramatic elements in their productions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the NatyaShastra provides three distinct definitions of Natya (drama), each offering a unique perspective.
These definitions emphasize the importance of storytelling, emotions, and the connection between the performer and the audience.
Natya is not just entertainment. It is a form of worship and devotion.
Over time, the understanding and interpretation of Natya have evolved, allowing for innovative and diverse performances.
In modern times, we can see these definitions manifested in various ways, such as through the fusion of traditional and contemporary elements, experimental storytelling techniques, and the exploration of different dance styles.
Natya continues to captivate and inspire audiences, showcasing the beauty and power of this ancient art form.
About Natya-Shastra.in
At Natya-Shastra.in, our mission is to serve as a gateway to the illustrious world of the NāṭyaŚāstra, offering insights, resources, and a platform to delve deeper into the nuances of Indian performing arts. We aim to bring forth the richness of this ancient text, shedding light on the profound wisdom it holds and its everlasting influence on various artistic traditions.
We are here, follow us.
Disclaimer:
Affiliate Links: Some links may earn us a commission (at no cost to you). We only recommend helpful products.
NatyaShastra Glossary: Head over to the Natyashastra Glossary page to know the meaning behind Sanskrit terms used in the articles.
Images & Videos: Representational only, not exact depictions.
Knowledge Source: Inspired by ancient Natyashastra scriptures, open to interpretation.
Disclaimer: Educational only, not professional advice. Consult a qualified expert for specific needs.
Offer Your Expertise