Estimated reading time: 7 minutes
Vrittis, or modes of expression, form the foundation for dramatic production by linking emotions to appropriate styles of performance.
Actors align their physical, verbal, and emotional portrayal to match the underlying tone of the scene. They create a profound impact on the audience by using Vrittis.
We will deep dive into the four primary Vrittis outlined in the Natyashastra.
Let’s explore their applications, and examine their relevance in modern performance arts.
The Four Vrittis and Their Unique Expressions
लोकधर्मी नाट्यधर्मी धर्मीति द्विविधः स्मृतः । भारती सात्वती चैव कैशिक्यारभटी तथा ॥ २४॥ lokadharmī nāṭyadharmī dharmīti dvividhaḥ smṛtaḥ | bhāratī sātvatī caiva kaiśikyārabhaṭī tathā || 24|| Meaning: The two styles of dramatic performance are known as Lokadharmī and Nāṭyadharmī. Additionally, there are four types of vṛttis (dramatic styles): Bhāratī, Sātvatī, Kaiśikī, and Ārabhṭī.
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1) Bharati Vritti: The Verbal Mode
Bharati, derived from the Rigveda, emphasizes the importance of speech and dialogue in dramatic storytelling. This Vritti is crucial in plays where the focus is on intellectual discourse, narration, or grand speeches. It is predominantly used in serious, formal dramas, where the verbal element drives the narrative.
Example from Natyashastra: In epic tales like Mahabharata, where profound conversations are integral to the story, Bharati Vritti dominates.
2) Kaishiki Vritti: The Graceful and Delicate Mode
Rooted in Samaveda, the Kaishiki Vritti is characterized by grace, subtlety, and beauty. It is commonly used in scenes involving love, romance, or tender emotions, typically accompanied by music and dance. This Vritti enhances the charm of women characters, love stories, and emotional portrayals.
Shloka (NS XXII.13):
“vicitrair-aizgahtirais-tu devo ltla-eamamntain, babandha yac-chikha-pasarh kaisik: tatra nirmiia.”[1]
Translation: Through delicate movements and charming gestures, the grace of Kaishiki is established, evoking tender emotions in the audience.
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3) Arabhati Vritti: The Vigorous and Heroic Mode
Arabhati, connects with the Atharvaveda, is a vigorous mode perfect for scenes depicting valor, conflict, or political intrigue. This Vritti engages the audience through dynamic action, bold movements, and powerful dialogue. It is often used in battle scenes or political confrontations.
Shloka (NS XXII.14):
“sarhrambha-avega-bahulair-nanii-ctiri samuithiiain, niyuddha-karatzais-citrair.”[2]
Translation: Loaded energy and excitement, the Arabhati Vritti utilizes rapid movements and vigorous actions to convey the essence of heroism.
4) Sattvati Vritti: The Emotional and Mental Mode
Derived from Yajurveda, Sattvati focuses on the expression of emotions through mental and physical harmony. It requires the actor to deeply internalize the emotions of the character and express them through subtle body language, facial expressions, and inner stillness. Sattvati Vritti is vital in portraying intense emotions like sorrow, joy, or compassion.
Shloka (NS VII, p. 110):
“tac-ca eamahita-manasiiad-utpaduate, manasah-samadhanac-ca sattva-n pattir-bhavati.”[3]
Translation: Arising from the mind’s focus, Sattvati manifests through inner emotional concentration, essential for deeply moving performances.
Application of Vrittis in Modern Performance
While rooted in ancient practices, Vrittis are still relevant in contemporary theater and film. Directors and actors can use these styles to enhance their performances, ensuring that emotions are conveyed authentically.
For example, the subtlety of Kaishiki Vritti is seen in romantic cinema, while Arabhati Vritti is mirrored in action-packed scenes of political dramas or war films.
Additionally, the concept of Sattvati Vritti is useful in method acting, where actors fully immerse themselves in their roles to produce a more genuine performance. Bharati Vritti remains essential in monologues, speeches, and intellectual dramas where dialogue takes center stage.
Practical Insights for Performers: How to Choose the Right Vritti
For aspiring actors and directors, understanding which Vritti to use is key to deliver an stellar performance. Here are some practical steps to use appropriate Vritti:
- Pick out the Rasa (Emotion): Each Vritti corresponds to specific emotions. Find out whether the scene demands heroism (Veera Rasa), love (Shringara Rasa), or sorrow (Karuna Rasa).
- Consider the Character: The nature of the character also dictates the Vritti. A warrior in an epic drama predominantly use Arabhati, while a graceful queen in a love story will lean towards Kaishiki.
- Harmonize with Movement and Speech: The combination of Vritti with abhinaya (gestures) is crucial. For instance, in Kaishiki, soft, flowing movements enhance the delicate emotions conveyed, while in Arabhati, robust, sharp actions are more fitting.
Reading References
- Vritti, Pravritti, and Dharmi
- Concept of Vritti as per Natyashastra
- Pravrittis in Natyashastra – Bharata’s Regional Variations
Frequently Asked Questions About Vrittis
Yes, a scene can seamlessly blend multiple Vrittis. For instance, a battle scene may begin with Arabhati but transition into Sattvati during moments of emotional reflection or heroism.
Each Vritti complements specific Rasas, the emotional flavors in drama. Kaishiki aligns with Shringara (love), while Arabhati suits Veera (heroism). By pairing the right Vritti with the corresponding Rasa, the emotional depth of the performance is enhanced.
Vrittis, in the context of Natyashastra, refer to the specific modes or styles of expression used in drama and performance. They dictate how emotions are portrayed through speech, physical movement, and gestures to enhance the storytelling experience. Each Vritti corresponds to different emotional tones, helping performers deliver impactful, emotionally resonant performances.
The four types of Vritti in Natyashastra are:
– Bharati Vritti: Focuses on verbal expression through dialogue and speech.
– Kaishiki Vritti: Emphasizes grace and beauty, often used in scenes of love and delicate emotions.
– Arabhati Vritti: A vigorous mode used for scenes of valor, action, and conflict.
– Sattvati Vritti: Concentrates on emotional and mental expression, requiring internalization of feelings.
The Natyashastra outlines four types of acting or Abhinaya:
– Angika Abhinaya: Physical expression through body movements and gestures.
– Vachika Abhinaya: Verbal expression through speech, tone, and dialogue delivery.
– Aharya Abhinaya: Visual representation through costumes, makeup, and set design.
– Sattvika Abhinaya: Emotional expression, focusing on subtle, internalized emotions like tears or joy.
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Conclusion
Understanding the Vrittis in Natyashastra offers a deeper insight into the intricate craft of theatrical performance.
These modes—Bharati, Kaishiki, Arabhati, and Sattvati—serve as essential tools for actors and directors to bring emotions to life on stage. They ensure that each scene resonates with authenticity and power.
Whether it’s through grand speeches, graceful gestures, or intense emotional expressions, Vrittis align performers portrayal with the mood.
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At Natya-Shastra.in, our mission is to serve as a gateway to the illustrious world of the NāṭyaŚāstra, offering insights, resources, and a platform to delve deeper into the nuances of Indian performing arts. We aim to bring forth the richness of this ancient text, shedding light on the profound wisdom it holds and its everlasting influence on various artistic traditions.
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